Zat aditif dalam makanan menyebabkan anak hiperaktif

Peneliti di Inggris melakukan penelitian tersamar berganda untuk menilai apakah bahan pewarna dan aditif dalam makanan mempengaruhi perilaku anak-anak. Subyek penelitian adalah 153 anak berusia 3 tahun dan 144 anak berusia 8-9 tahun. Diberikan minuman yang mengandung natrium benzoate dan bahan aditif atau placebo.

 

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa zat aditif meningkatkan bermakna skor global hyperactivity aggregate (GHA) pada anak berusia 3 tahun maupun anak berusia 8-9 tahun.

 

Kesimpulan: makanan yang mengandung zat pewarna atau natrium benzoate (atau keduanya) dapat mempengaruhi perilaku anak-anak.

 

The Lancet online 6 September 2007(doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61306-3) © 2007

Food additives and hyperactive behaviour in 3-year-old and 8/9-year-old children in the community: a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial,

Donna McCann PhD, Angelina Barrett BSc, Alison Cooper MSc, Debbie Crumpler BSc, Lindy Dalen PhD, Kate Grimshaw MSc, Elizabeth Kitchin BSc, Kris Lok MSc, Lucy Porteous BSc, Emily Prince MSc, Prof Edmund Sonuga-Barke PhD, Prof John O Warner MD and Prof Jim Stevenson PhD. Correspondence to Prof Jim Stevenson jsteven@soton.ac.uk.

 

Background

We undertook a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover trial to test whether intake of artificial food colour and additives (AFCA) affected childhood behaviour.

Methods

153 3-year-old and 144 8/9-year-old children were included in the study. The challenge drink contained sodium benzoate and one of two AFCA mixes (A or B) or a placebo mix. The main outcome measure was a global hyperactivity aggregate (GHA), based on aggregated z-scores of observed behaviours and ratings by teachers and parents, plus, for 8/9-year-old children, a computerised test of attention. This clinical trial is registered with Current Controlled Trials (registration number ISRCTN74481308). Analysis was per protocol.

Findings

16 3-year-old children and 14 8/9-year-old children did not complete the study, for reasons unrelated to childhood behaviour. Mix A had a significantly adverse effect compared with placebo in GHA for all 3-year-old children (effect size 0·20 [95% CI 0·01–0·39], p=0·044) but not mix B versus placebo. This result persisted when analysis was restricted to 3-year-old children who consumed more than 85% of juice and had no missing data (0·32 [0·05–0·60], p=0·02). 8/9-year-old children showed a significantly adverse effect when given mix A (0·12 [0·02–0·23], p=0·023) or mix B (0·17 [0·07–0·28], p=0·001) when analysis was restricted to those children consuming at least 85% of drinks with no missing data.

Interpretation

Artificial colours or a sodium benzoate preservative (or both) in the diet result in increased hyperactivity in 3-year-old and 8/9-year-old children in the general population.

Diet jaman batu baik untuk penderita gangguan toleransi glukosa

Penelitian diet untuk penderita diabetes selama ini terfokus pada asupan lemak, karbohidrat, dan serat.

Dalam penelitian ini, para ahli dari Swedia membandingkan diet Palaeolithic (diet jaman batu) terhadap diet Mediterranea -yang dianggap baik untuk penderita diabetes.

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan setelah 12 minggu penurunan kadar gula darah pada kelompok diet P lebih besar dibanding diet M. Penurunan lingkar pinggang kelompok diet P juga lebih besar dibanding kelompok diet M.

Disimpulkan bahwa diet jaman batu lebih unggul dalam hal memperbaiki toleransi glukosa untuk penderita diabetes tipe 2 dan gangguan toleransi glukosa.

Diabetologia Volume 50, Number 9 / September, 2007 (10.1007/s00125-007-0716-y) © Springer Berlin / Heidelberg.
A Palaeolithic diet improves glucose tolerance more than a Mediterranean-like diet in individuals with ischaemic heart disease,

S. Lindeberg , T. Jönsson, Y. Granfeldt, E. Borgstrand, J. Soffman, K. Sjöström and B. Ahrén.

Abstract

Aims/hypothesis Most studies of diet in glucose intolerance and type 2 diabetes have focused on intakes of fat, carbohydrate, fibre, fruits and vegetables. Instead, we aimed to compare diets that were available during human evolution with more recently introduced ones.

Methods Twenty-nine patients with ischaemic heart disease plus either glucose intolerance or type 2 diabetes were randomised to receive (1) a Palaeolithic ('Old Stone Age') diet (n=14), based on lean meat, fish, fruits, vegetables, root vegetables, eggs and nuts; or (2) a Consensus (Mediterranean-like) diet (n=15), based on whole grains, low-fat dairy products, vegetables, fruits, fish, oils and margarines. Primary outcome variables were changes in weight, waist circumference and plasma glucose AUC (AUC Glucose_0–120) and plasma insulin AUC (AUC Insulin_0–120) in OGTTs.

Results Over 12 weeks, there was a 26% decrease of AUC Glucose_0–120 (p=0.0001) in the Palaeolithic group and a 7% decrease (p=0.08) in the Consensus group. The larger (p=0.001) improvement in the Palaeolithic group was independent (p=0.0008) of change in waist circumference (−5.6 cm in the Palaeolithic group, −2.9 cm in the Consensus group; p=0.03). In the study population as a whole, there was no relationship between change in AUC Glucose_0–120 and changes in weight (r=−0.06, p=0.9) or waist circumference (r=0.01, p=1.0). There was a tendency for a larger decrease of AUC Insulin_0–120 in the Palaeolithic group, but because of the strong association between change in AUC Insulin_0–120 and change in waist circumference (r=0.64, p=0.0003), this did not remain after multivariate analysis.

Conclusions/interpretation A Palaeolithic diet may improve glucose tolerance independently of decreased waist circumference.

Apakah kopi menyebabkan hipertensi?

Kita sering mendengar anjuran agar jangan minum kopi menyebabkan darah tinggi.

 

Betulkah pendapat tersebut?

 

Selama ini penelitian tentang hubungan minum kopi dan hipertensi tidak dapat menyimpulkan secara tegas.

 

Penelitian terbaru ini meneliti hubungan minum kopi dengan pemberian obat antihipertensi.

 

Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa konsumsi >1 cangkir kopi perhari berhubungan dengan terapi antihipertensi. Namun konsumsi 8 cangkir kopi perhari tidak berhubungan dengan terapi antihipertensi.

 

Dengan demikian hubungan kopi dan hipertensi tetap belum jelas.

 

Coffee consumption and the incidence of antihypertensive drug treatment in Finnish men and women

 

Am J Clin Nutr August 2007;86:457-464. © American Society for Nutrition
Coffee consumption and the incidence of antihypertensive drug treatment in Finnish men and women, Gang Hu, Pekka Jousilahti, Aulikki Nissinen, Siamak Bidel, Riitta Antikainen and Jaakko Tuomilehto

 

Background: Only 2 prospective studies have previously investigated the association between coffee consumption and incident hypertension, and the findings are equivocal.

Objective: The objective was to determine the relation between coffee consumption and the incidence of antihypertensive drug treatment.

Design: We prospectively followed 24 710 Finnish subjects aged 25-64 y without a history of antihypertensive drug treatment, coronary heart disease, or stroke at baseline. Daily coffee consumption was assessed by questionnaires.

Results: During a mean follow-up period of 13.2 y, 2505 participants started antihypertensive drug treatment. The multivariate-adjusted (age, sex, study year, education, leisure-time physical activity, smoking, body mass index, high total cholesterol, history of diabetes, and alcohol, tea, fruit, vegetable, sausage, and bread consumption) hazard ratios for antihypertensive drug treatment associated with the amount of coffee consumed daily (0-1, 2-3, 4-5, 6-7, or 8 cups) were 1.00, 1.29 (95% CI: 1.09, 1.54), 1.26 (95% CI: 1.06, 1.49), 1.24 (95% CI: 1.04, 1.48), and 1.14 (95% CI: 0.94, 1.37) (P for trend = 0.024), respectively. This trend became marginally significant after additional adjustment for baseline systolic blood pressure (P for trend = 0.077).

Conclusions: The results indicate that coffee drinking seems to increase the risk of antihypertensive drug treatment, and this risk was higher in subjects with low-to-moderate coffee intakes; however, there was no significantly increased trend in drinkers of 1 cup (100 mL)/d or 8 cups/d.