Pengaruh sarapan pada murid sekolah

Apakah sarapan mempengaruhi fungsi kognitif dan emosi murid di sekolah?

 

Penelitian dilakukan secara random pada 104 murid berusia 13-20 tahun.

 

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan peningkatan memori visuospatial pada murid laki2, peningkatan kewaspadaan (alertness) pada semua murid. Murid laki2 merasa emosi lebih positif. Namun tidak ada perubahan pada daya perhatian (sustained attention).

 

Kesimpulan sarapan memberikan efek positif pada murid sekolah.

 

 

PEDIATRICS Vol. 122 No. 2 August 2008, pp. 279-284

ARTICLE

Influence of Having Breakfast on Cognitive Performance and Mood in 13- to 20-Year-Old High School Students: Results of a Crossover Trial

Katharina Widenhorn-Müller, PhD^a, Katrin Hille, PhD^a, Jochen Klenk, MPH^b and Ulrike Weiland, MD^a

^a Centre for Neuroscience and Learning
^b Institute of Epidemiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany

OBJECTIVE. The goal was to determine whether breakfast had effects on the cognitive performance and mood of high school students.

METHODS. A crossover trial was performed in boarding schools, involving 104 students between 13 and 20 years of age. The participants were randomly assigned to 2 equal-size groups on the morning of the first testing day. One half of the total sample received a standardized breakfast, whereas the other half received no breakfast. Seven days later, the treatment order was reversed. Measurements of cognitive function included standardized tests of attention and concentration, as well as tests of verbal and spatial memory. In addition, mood was rated with a self-administered questionnaire covering the dimensions of positive and negative affect, information uptake, arousal, and alertness. Statistical analysis consisted of repeated-measures analysis of variance.

RESULTS. Breakfast had no effect on sustained attention among high school students. Visuospatial memory was improved in male students. Self-reported alertness improved significantly in the entire study population. Male students reported feeling more positive after consuming breakfast, compared with the fasting condition.

CONCLUSIONS. This crossover trial demonstrated positive short-term effects of breakfast on cognitive functioning and self-reported alertness in high school students.

Gemar minum manis menyebabkan diabetes

Penelitian ini mencari hubungan antara minum manis (sugar-sweetened beverages) dengan peningkatan berat badan dan timbulnya diabetes tipe 2.

 

Subyek penelitian adalah 59 ribu wanita Afrika-Amerika yang di follow-up dari tahun 1995 sampai 2001.

 

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan asupan minuman manis (soft drink dan jus buah) meningkatkan risiko diabetes tipe 2. Minum >2 soft drink meningkatkan insiden sebesar 1,24 kali, sedangkan jus buah (sugar-sweetened) meningkatkan insiden sebesar 1,31 kali. Untuk soft drink ada hubungan dengan indeks massa tubuh sedangkan untuk jus buah tidak.

 

Kesimpulan minum manis -baik soft drink maupun jus buah yang dianggap lebih sehat- terbukti meningkatkan risiko diabetes pada wanita Afrika-Amerika.

 

Abstract

 

Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in African American Women

Julie R. Palmer, ScD; Deborah A. Boggs, MS; Supriya Krishnan, DSc; Frank B. Hu, MD; Martha Singer, MPH; Lynn Rosenberg, ScD

Arch Intern Med. 2008;168(14):1487-1492.

Background  Type 2 diabetes mellitus is an increasingly serious health problem among African American women. Consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks was associated with an increased risk of diabetes in 2 studies but not in a third; however, to our knowledge, no data are available on African Americans regarding this issue. Our objective was to examine the association between consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages, weight gain, and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in African American women.

Methods  A prospective follow-up study of 59 000 African American women has been in progress since 1995. Participants reported on food and beverage consumption in 1995 and 2001. Biennial follow-up questionnaires ascertained new diagnoses of type 2 diabetes. The present analyses included 43 960 women who gave complete dietary and weight information and were free from diabetes at baseline. We identified 2713 incident cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus during 338 884 person-years of follow-up. The main outcome measure was the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Results  The incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus was higher with higher intake of both sugar-sweetened soft drinks and fruit drinks. After adjustment for confounding variables including other dietary factors, the incidence rate ratio for 2 or more soft drinks per day was 1.24 (95% confidence interval, 1.06-1.45). For fruit drinks, the comparable incidence rate ratio was 1.31 (95% confidence interval, 1.13-1.52). The association of diabetes with soft drink consumption was almost entirely mediated by body mass index, whereas the association with fruit drink consumption was independent of body mass index.

Conclusions  Regular consumption of sugar-sweetened soft drinks and fruit drinks is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in African American women. While there has been increasing public awareness of the adverse health effects of soft drinks, little attention has been given to fruit drinks, which are often marketed as a healthier alternative to soft drinks.

Author Affiliations: Slone Epidemiology Center, Boston University (Drs Palmer, Krishnan, and Rosenberg and Ms Boggs), Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health (Dr Hu), and Section of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine (Ms Singer), Boston, Massachusetts.

Kurang vitamin D meningkatkan kematian

Penelitian ini mempertegas temuan sebelumnya bahwa kadar vitamin D serum rendah berhubungan dengan penyakit kardiovaskuler dan penyait lainnya.

 

Dilakukan kohort prospektif terhadap 3258 pasien calon angiografi koroner, median umur 62 tahun. Follow up selama 7,7 tahun.

 

Sebanyak 22,6% pasien meninggal. Pasien yang termasuk kuartil terendah kadar 25-hidroksivitamin D dan 1,25-dihidroksivitamin D mempunyai risiko kematian (all diseases) 2,08 kali lebih besar dibanding pasien yang kadar vitamin D-nya tinggi. Sedangkan Hazard ratio untuk kematian kardiovaskuler adalah 2,22 kali lebih besar.

 

Kesimpulan kadar vitamin D rendah secara independen berhubungan dengan kematian kardiovaskuler dan penyakit lain (all cause).

 

Abstract

 

Independent Association of Low Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D Levels With All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality

Harald Dobnig, MD; Stefan Pilz, MD; Hubert Scharnagl, PhD; Wilfried Renner, PhD; Ursula Seelhorst, MA; Britta Wellnitz, LLD; Jürgen Kinkeldei, DEng; Bernhard O. Boehm, MD; Gisela Weihrauch, MSc; Winfried Maerz, MD

Arch Intern Med. 2008;168(12):1340-1349.

Background  In cross-sectional studies, low serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D are associated with higher prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and disease. This study aimed to determine whether endogenous 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels are related to all-cause and cardiovascular mortality.

Methods  Prospective cohort study of 3258 consecutive male and female patients (mean [SD] age, 62 [10] years) scheduled for coronary angiography at a single tertiary center. We formed quartiles according to 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels within each month of blood drawings. The main outcome measures were all-cause and cardiovascular deaths.

Results  During a median follow-up period of 7.7 years, 737 patients (22.6%) died, including 463 deaths from cardiovascular causes. Multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for patients in the lower two 25-hydroxyvitamin D quartiles (median, 7.6 and 13.3 ng/mL [to convert 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels to nanomoles per liter, multiply by 2.496]) were higher for all-cause mortality (HR, 2.08; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.60-2.70; and HR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.17-2.01; respectively) and for cardiovascular mortality (HR, 2.22; 95% CI, 1.57-3.13; and HR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.29-2.58; respectively) compared with patients in the highest 25-hydroxyvitamin D quartile (median, 28.4 ng/mL). Similar results were obtained for patients in the lowest 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D quartile. These effects were independent of coronary artery disease, physical activity level, Charlson Comorbidity Index, variables of mineral metabolism, and New York Heart Association functional class. Low 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were significantly correlated with variables of inflammation (C-reactive protein and interleukin 6 levels), oxidative burden (serum phospholipid and glutathione levels), and cell adhesion (vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 levels).

Conclusions  Low 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels are independently associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. A causal relationship has yet to be proved by intervention trials using vitamin D.

Author Affiliations: Division of Endocrinology and Nuclear Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine (Dr Dobnig), and Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics (Drs Scharnagl, Renner, and Maerz and Ms Weihrauch), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; and Department of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine, Mannheim Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg (Dr Pilz), LURIC Study Nonprofit LLC, Freiburg (Ms Seelhorst and Dr Wellnitz), Synlab Center of Laboratory Diagnostics Stuttgart, Leinfelden-Echterdingen (Dr Kinkeldei), Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm (Dr Boehm), and Synlab Center of Laboratory Diagnostics Heidelberg, Eppelheim (Dr Maerz), Germany.