Physical activity in early adolescence predicts later adiposity

Anak yang aktif berolah raga pada awal pubertas mempunyai massa lemak yang lebih kecil.

Kesimpulan anak perlu aktif berolah raga dalam upaya pencegahan obesitas.

 

Abstract

 

BMJ 339:b4544, 26 November 2009. © 2009 to the BMJ Publishing Group Ltd.
Prospective associations between objective measures of physical activity and fat mass in 12-14 year old children: the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Chris J Riddoch, Sam D Leary, Andy R Ness, et al.

 

Objective To investigate associations between physical activity at age 12 and subsequent adiposity at age 14.

Design Prospective birth cohort study with data collected between 2003 and 2007.

Setting Original recruitment in 1991-2 of 14 541 pregnant women living in the former County of Avon (United Kingdom).

Participants At age 12, 11 952 children were invited to attend the research clinic. Of these, 7159 attended, and 4150 (1964 boys, 2186 girls) provided sufficient data on exposure, outcome, and confounding variables.

Main outcome measure Fat mass at age 14, measured by dual emission x ray absorptiometry, associated with physical activity at age 12, measured by accelerometry.

Results Prospective associations of fat mass at age 14 (outcome) with physical activity at age 12 (exposure) were strong for both total activity (accelerometer counts/min) and for daily amount of moderate-vigorous physical activity (min/day). An extra 15 minutes of moderate-vigorous physical activity per day at age 12 was associated with lower fat mass at age 14 in boys (by 11.9% (95% confidence interval 9.5% to 14.3%)) and girls (by 9.8% (6.7% to 12.8%)). The proportion of physical activity due to moderate-vigorous physical activity was between 20% and 30% in boys and girls at the two ages.

Conclusions Higher levels of physical activity, in particular activity of moderate to higher intensities, are prospectively associated with lower levels of fat mass in early adolescence. Interventions to raise levels of physical activity in children are likely to be important in the fight against obesity.

Cancer Incidence and Mortality After Treatment With Folic Acid and Vitamin B12

Hati2 mengkonsumsi suplemen asam folat dan vitamin B12

 

Dua penelitian dengan desain randomized controlled trials terhadap 6.837 pasien penyakit jantung iskemik dari tahun 1998-2005 yang dilakukan di Norwegia mendapatkan bahwa suplementasi dengan asam folat dan vitamin B12 meningkatkan risiko kanker (hazard ratio [HR], 1.21; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03-1.41; P = .02). Dan meningkatkan kematian (from any cause) (HR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.04-1.33; P = .01). Ini terutama disebabkan peningkatan insiden kanker paru pada kelompok yang mendapatkan asam folat dan vitamin B12.

 

JAMA302(19):2119-2126, 18 November 2009. © 2009 to the American Medical Association.
Cancer Incidence and Mortality After Treatment With Folic Acid and Vitamin B12. Marta Ebbing, Kaare Harald Bønaa, Ottar Nygård, et al.

Context  Recently, concern has been raised about the safety of folic acid, particularly in relation to cancer risk.

Objective  To evaluate effects of treatment with B vitamins on cancer outcomes and all-cause mortality in 2 randomized controlled trials.

Design, Setting, and Participants  Combined analysis and extended follow-up of participants from 2 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials (Norwegian Vitamin Trial and Western Norway B Vitamin Intervention Trial). A total of6837 patients with ischemic heart disease were treated with B vitamins or placebo between 1998 and 2005, and were followed up through December 31, 2007.

Interventions  Oral treatment with folic acid (0.8 mg/d) plus vitamin B₁₂ (0.4 mg/d) and vitamin B₆ (40 mg/d) (n = 1708);folic acid (0.8 mg/d) plus vitamin B₁₂ (0.4 mg/d) (n = 1703); vitamin B₆ alone (40 mg/d) (n = 1705); or placebo (n = 1721).

Main Outcome Measures  Cancer incidence, cancer mortality, and all-cause mortality.

Results  During study treatment, median serum folate concentration increased more than 6-fold among participants given folic acid. After a median 39 months of treatment and an additional 38 months of posttrial observational follow-up, 341 participants (10.0%) who received folic acid plus vitamin B₁₂ vs 288 participants (8.4%) who did not receive such treatment were diagnosed with cancer (hazard ratio [HR], 1.21; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03-1.41; P = .02). A total of 136 (4.0%) who received folic acid plus vitamin B₁₂ vs 100 (2.9%) who did not receive such treatment died from cancer (HR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.07-1.79; P = .01). A total of 548 patients (16.1%) who received folic acid plus vitamin B₁₂ vs 473 (13.8%) who did not receive such treatment died from any cause (HR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.04-1.33; P = .01). Results were mainly driven by increased lung cancer incidence in participants who received folic acid plus vitamin B₁₂. Vitamin B₆treatment was not associated with any significant effects.

Conclusion  Treatment with folic acid plus vitamin B₁₂ was associated with increased cancer outcomes and all-causemortality in patients with ischemic heart disease in Norway, where there is no folic acid fortification of foods.

Evaluating the Incremental Benefits of Raising HDL-Cholesterol Levels During Lipid Therapy After Adjustment for the Reductions in Other Blood Lipid Levels

Penelitian ini menilai pengaruh HDL-C sebagai target terapi terhadap kejadian kardiovaskuler.

Subyek diambil dari studi Framingham dari tahun 1975 sampai 2003.

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa HDL-C merupakan faktor risiko independen yang kuat terhadap kejadian kardiovaskuler (hazard ratio 0,79 setiap kenaikan 5mg/dL ; 95% confidence interval, 0.67-0.93). 

Kesimpulan terapi untuk peningkatan HDL-C  adalah hal yang penting untuk mencegah kejadian kardiovaskuler.

Abstract.

Arch Intern Med 169(19):1775-1780, 26 October 2009. © 2009 to the Amercian Medical Association
Evaluating the Incremental Benefits of Raising High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels During Lipid Therapy After Adjustment for the Reductions in Other Blood Lipid Levels. Steven A. Grover, Mohammed Kaouache, Lawrence Joseph, Philip Barter, Jean Davignon. 

Background  The role of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) as a therapeutic target to prevent cardiovascular (CV) events remains unclear. We examined data from the Framingham Offspring Study from 1975 through 2003 to determine whether increases in HDL-C levels after lipid therapy was started were independently associated with a reduction in CV events.

Methods  Using Cox proportional-hazards regression, we evaluated the risk of a CV event associated with changes in blood lipid levels among individuals who started lipid therapy. The independent effect of HDL-C levels on future CV risk (averagefollow-up, 8 years) was estimated after adjustment for changes in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, plasma triglycerides,and pretreatment blood lipid levels. Potential confounders (eg, smoking status, weight, and the use of β-blockers) werethen added to the model. Interactions between blood lipid levels were also explored.

Results  The change in HDL-C level was a strong independent risk factor for CV events (hazard ratio, 0.79 per 5-mg/dL increase; 95% confidence interval, 0.67-0.93) after adjustment for the other lipid changes associated with treatment. This relationship remained stable across a wide range of patient subgroups and did not appear to be associated with a specific drug class. An important interaction was observed: the lower the pretreatment low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, the greater the impact of raising the HDL-C.

Conclusions  Raising HDL-C levels with commonly used lipid medications appears to be an important determinant of the benefits associated with lipid therapy. These results support the further evaluation of therapies to raise HDL-C levels to prevent CV events.