Fish and n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Intake and Depressive Symptoms

Asupan omega 3 dapat menurunkan tingkat depresi pada remaja pria

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PEDIATRICS Vol. 126 No. 3 September 2010, pp. e623-e630

Fish and n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Intake and Depressive Symptoms: Ryukyus Child Health Study

Kentaro Murakami, PhDa,Yoshihiro Miyake, MD, PhDb,Satoshi Sasaki, MD, PhDa,Keiko Tanaka, DDS, PhDb,Masashi Arakawa, PhDc
a Department of Social and Preventive Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan;
b Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan; and
c Field Science for Health and Recreation, Faculty of Tourism Sciences and Industrial Management, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan

BACKGROUND Epidemiologic evidence on the role of fish and long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake on depression during adolescence is sparse.
OBJECTIVE We examined the association between fish, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) intake and depressivesymptoms in a group of adolescents.
SUBJECTS AND METHOD This cross-sectional study, conducted in all public junior high schools in Naha City and Nago City, Okinawa, Japan, included3067 boys and 3450 girls aged 12 to 15 years (52.3% of the eligible sample). Dietary intake was assessed by using a validated, self-administered diet-history questionnaire. Depressive symptoms were defined as present when participants had a Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale score of 16.
RESULTS The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 22.5% for boys and 31.2% for girls. For boys, fish intake was inversely associated with depressive symptoms (adjusted odds ratio [OR] for depressive symptoms in the highest [compared with the lowest] quintile of intake: 0.73 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.55–0.97]; P for trend = .04). EPA intake showed an inverse associationwith depressive symptoms (OR: 0.71 [95% CI: 0.54–0.94]; P = .04). DHA intake also showed a similar inverse, albeit nonsignificant, association (OR: 0.79 [95% CI: 0.59–1.05]; P = .11). Inaddition, intake of EPA plus DHA was inversely associated with depressive symptoms (OR: 0.72 [95% CI: 0.55–0.96]; P = .08). Conversely, no such associations were observed among girls.
CONCLUSIONS Higher intake of fish, EPA, and DHA was independently associated with a lower prevalence of depressive symptoms in early male, but not female, adolescents.

Fruit and vegetable intake and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus

Asupan sayuran bardaun hijau dapat menurunkan risiko diabetes tipe 2 sebesar 14%

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BMJ 2010; 341:c4229

Research

Fruit and vegetable intake and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis
Patrice Carter, research nutritionist1, Laura J Gray, research associate in medical statistics2, Jacqui Troughton, senior research associate3,Kamlesh Khunti, professor of primary care diabetes and vascular medicine2,Melanie J Davies, professor of diabetes medicine1

Abstract
Objective To investigate the independent effects of intake of fruit and vegetables on incidence of type 2 diabetes.
Design Systematic review and meta-analysis.
Data sources Medline, Embase, CINAHL, British Nursing Index (BNI), and the Cochrane library were searched for medical subject headings and keywords on diabetes, prediabetes, fruit, and vegetables. Expert opinions were sought and reference lists of relevant articles checked.
Study selection Prospective cohort studies with an independent measure of intake of fruit, vegetables, or fruit and vegetables and data on incidence of type 2 diabetes.
Results Six studies met the inclusion criteria; four of these studies also provided separate information on the consumption of green leafy vegetables. Summary estimates showed that greater intake of green leafy vegetables was associated with a 14% (hazard ratio 0.86, 95% confidence interval 0.77 to 0.97) reduction in risk of type 2 diabetes (P=0.01). The summary estimates showed no significant benefits of increasing the consumption of vegetables, fruit, or fruit and vegetables combined.
Conclusion Increasing daily intake of green leafy vegetables could significantly reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes and should be investigated further.

Intake of artificially sweetened soft drinks and risk of preterm delivery

Minuman mengandung pemanis (artifisial) meningkatkan risiko kelahiran prematur.

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Am J Clin Nutr 92: 626-633, 2010. First published June 30, 2010; doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.28968
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.28968
Vol. 92, No. 3, 626-633, September 2010

ORIGINAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATION

Intake of artificially sweetened soft drinks and risk of preterm delivery: a prospective cohort study in 59,334 Danish pregnant women

Thorhallur I Halldorsson, Marin Strøm, Sesilje B Petersen and Sjurdur F Olsen

Background: Sugar-sweetened soft drinks have been linked to a number of adverse health outcomes such as high weight gain. Therefore, artificially sweetened soft drinks are often promoted as an alternative. However, the safety of artificial sweeteners has been disputed, and consequences of high intakes of artificial sweeteners for pregnant women have been minimally addressed.
Objective: We examined the association between intakes of sugar-sweetened and artificially sweetened soft drinks and preterm delivery.
Design: We conducted prospective cohort analyses of 59,334 women from the Danish National Birth Cohort (1996–2002). Soft drink intake was assessed in midpregnancy by using a food-frequency questionnaire. Preterm delivery ( lt 37 wk) was the primary outcome measure. Covariate information was assessed by telephone interviews.
Results: There was an association between intake of artificially sweetened carbonated and noncarbonated soft drinks and an increased risk of preterm delivery (P for trend: le 0.001, both variables). In comparison with women with no intake of artificially sweetened carbonated soft drinks, the adjusted odds ratio for women who consumed ge 1 serving of artificially sweetened carbonated soft drinks/d was 1.38 (95% CI: 1.15, 1.65). The corresponding odds ratio for women who consumed ge 4 servings of artificially sweetened carbonated soft drinks/d was 1.78 (95% CI: 1.19, 2.66). The association was observed for normal-weight and overweight women. A stronger increase in risk was observed for early preterm and moderately preterm delivery than with late-preterm delivery. No association was observed for sugar-sweetened carbonated soft drinks (P for trend: 0.29) or for sugar-sweetened noncarbonated soft drinks (P for trend: 0.93).
Conclusions: Daily intake of artificially sweetened soft drinks may increase the risk of preterm delivery. Further studies are needed to reject or confirm these findings.