Metabolic syndrome and cognitive decline in French elders: the Three City Study

Adakah hubungan antara sindroma metabolik dan penurunan kognitif?

Penelitian ini menyimpulkan ada hubungan bermakna antara sindroma metabolik - baik secara keseluruhan maupun komponennya (hipertrigliseridemia, kolesterol HDL rendah dan diabetes) - dengan penurunan kognitif.

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Neurology 76(6):518-525, 8 February 2011 © 2011 by AAN Enterprises, Inc.
Metabolic syndrome and cognitive decline in French elders: the Three City Study. C. Raffaitin, C. Féart, M. Le Goff.

Abstract
Objective: To examine associations between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its individual components with risk of cognitive decline on specific cognitive functions.
Methods: Participants were 4,323 women and 2,764 men aged 65 and over enrolled in the longitudinal Three-City Study. Cognitive decline, defined as being in the worst quintile of the distribution of the difference between baseline score and either 2- or 4-year follow-up, was assessed by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE, global cognitive function), the Isaacs Set Test (IST, verbal fluency), and the Benton Visual Retention Test (BVRT, visual working memory). MetS was defined by National Cholesterol Education Program–Adult Treatment Panel III criteria (at least 3 of 5 cardio-metabolic abnormalities: hypertension, high waist circumference, hypertriglyceridemia, low high-density lipoprotein [HDL] cholesterol, hyperglycemia). Proportional hazards models were adjusted for age, gender, educational level, center, baseline cognitive score, APOE4 genotype, and other potential confounders.
Results: MetS at baseline was associated with an increased risk of cognitive decline on MMSE (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.22 [1.08–1.37]; p = 0.001) and BVRT (HR = 1.13 [1.01–1.26]; p = 0.03) but not on IST (HR = 1.11 [0.95–1.29]; p = 0.18). Among MetS components, hypertriglyceridemia and low HDL cholesterol were significantly associated with higher decline on MMSE; diabetes, but not elevated fasting glycemia, was significantly associated with higher decline on BVRT and IST.
Conclusions: MetS as a whole and several of its components had a negative impact on global cognitive decline and specific cognitive functions in older persons.

Body-Mass Index and Mortality among 1.46 Million White Adults

Penelitian ini menegaskan bahwa berat badan lebih (maupun kurang) diukur dari nilai indeks massa tubuh (IMT) meningkatkan mortalitas. Mortalitas terendah adalah IMT 20,0 sampai 24,9.

 

Namun penelitian ini adalah pada subyek Kaukasia. Bagaimana untuk orang Asia ?

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Body-Mass Index and Mortality among 1.46 Million White Adults
Amy Berrington de Gonzalez, D.Phil., Patricia Hartge, Sc.D., James R. Cerhan, Ph.D., Alan J. Flint, Dr.P.H., Lindsay Hannan, M.S.P.H., Robert J. MacInnis, Ph.D., Steven C. Moore, Ph.D., Geoffrey S. Tobias, B.S., Hoda Anton-Culver, Ph.D., Laura Beane Freeman, Ph.D., W. Lawrence Beeson, Dr.P.H., Sandra L. Clipp, M.P.H., Dallas R. English, Ph.D., Aaron R. Folsom, M.D., D. Michal Freedman, Ph.D., Graham Giles, Ph.D., Niclas Hakansson, Ph.D., Katherine D. Henderson, Ph.D., Judith Hoffman-Bolton, Jane A. Hoppin, Sc.D., Karen L. Koenig, Ph.D., I-Min Lee, Sc.D., Martha S. Linet, M.D., Yikyung Park, Sc.D., Gaia Pocobelli, M.S., Arthur Schatzkin, M.D., Howard D. Sesso, Sc.D., Elisabete Weiderpass, Ph.D., Bradley J. Willcox, M.D., Alicja Wolk, Dr.Med.Sci., Anne Zeleniuch-Jacquotte, M.D., Walter C. Willett, M.D., Dr.P.H., and Michael J. Thun, M.D.
N Engl J Med 2010; 363:2211-2219

BACKGROUND
A high body-mass index (BMI, the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters) is associated with increased mortality from cardiovascular disease and certain cancers, but the precise relationship between BMI and all-cause mortality remains uncertain.
METHODS
We used Cox regression to estimate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for an association between BMI and all-cause mortality, adjusting for age, study, physical activity, alcohol consumption, education, and marital status in pooled data from 19 prospective studies encompassing 1.46 million white adults, 19 to 84 years of age (median, 58).
RESULTS
The median baseline BMI was 26.2. During a median follow-up period of 10 years (range, 5 to 28), 160,087 deaths were identified. Among healthy participants who never smoked, there was a J-shaped relationship between BMI and all-cause mortality. With a BMI of 22.5 to 24.9 as the reference category, hazard ratios among women were 1.47 (95 percent confidence interval [CI], 1.33 to 1.62) for a BMI of 15.0 to 18.4; 1.14 (95% CI, 1.07 to 1.22) for a BMI of 18.5 to 19.9; 1.00 (95% CI, 0.96 to 1.04) for a BMI of 20.0 to 22.4; 1.13 (95% CI, 1.09 to 1.17) for a BMI of 25.0 to 29.9; 1.44 (95% CI, 1.38 to 1.50) for a BMI of 30.0 to 34.9; 1.88 (95% CI, 1.77 to 2.00) for a BMI of 35.0 to 39.9; and 2.51 (95% CI, 2.30 to 2.73) for a BMI of 40.0 to 49.9. In general, the hazard ratios for the men were similar. Hazard ratios for a BMI below 20.0 were attenuated with longer-term follow-up.
CONCLUSIONS
In white adults, overweight and obesity (and possibly underweight) are associated with increased all-cause mortality. All-cause mortality is generally lowest with a BMI of 20.0 to 24.9.

Dietary Intervention in Infancy and Later Signs of Beta-Cell Autoimmunity

Paparan dini terhadap protein tertentu pada bayi dengan genetic susceptibility untuk diabetes tipe 1 akan meningkatkan risiko timbulnya autoimun terhadap sel beta.

Penelitian ini menguji hipotesis bahwa susu formula protein terhidrolisa akan menurunkan insiden timbulnya autoantibodi untuk bayi2 tersebut.

Terbukti intervensi diet pada bayi2 tersebut mempengaruhi marker autoimun terhadap sel beta yang dalam jangka panjang akan menuju pada timbulnya diabetes tipe 1.

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N Engl J Med 363:1900-1908, 11 November 2010 © 2010 to the Massachusetts Medical Society
Dietary Intervention in Infancy and Later Signs of Beta-Cell Autoimmunity.
Mikael Knip, Suvi M. Virtanen, Karri Seppa, et al.

BACKGROUND
Early exposure to complex dietary proteins may increase the risk of beta-cell autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes in children with genetic susceptibility. We tested the hypothesis that supplementing breast milk with highly hydrolyzed milk formula would decrease the cumulative incidence of diabetes-associated autoantibodies in such children.
METHODS
In this double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned 230 infants with HLA-conferred susceptibility to type 1 diabetes and at least one family member with type 1 diabetes to receive either a casein hydrolysate formula or a conventional, cow's-milk–based formula (control) whenever breast milk was not available during the first 6 to 8 months of life. Autoantibodies to insulin, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the insulinoma-associated 2 molecule (IA-2), and zinc transporter 8 were analyzed with the use of radiobinding assays, and islet-cell antibodies were analyzed with the use of immunofluorescence, during a median observation period of 10 years (mean, 7.5). The children were monitored for incident type 1 diabetes until they were 10 years of age.
RESULTS
The unadjusted hazard ratio for positivity for one or more autoantibodies in the casein hydrolysate group, as compared with the control group, was 0.54 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.29 to 0.95), and the hazard ratio adjusted for an observed difference in the duration of exposure to the study formula was 0.51 (95% CI, 0.28 to 0.91). The unadjusted hazard ratio for positivity for two or more autoantibodies was 0.52 (95% CI, 0.21 to 1.17), and the adjusted hazard ratio was 0.47 (95% CI, 0.19 to 1.07). The rate of reported adverse events was similar in the two groups.
CONCLUSIONS
Dietary intervention during infancy appears to have a long-lasting effect on markers of beta-cell autoimmunity — markers that may reflect an autoimmune process leading to type 1 diabetes.